The science that studies the sources of infection, the mechanism and ways of transmission of infection, as well as ways to prevent infectious diseases, is called epidemiology. Knowing about the source of infection, the way of its transmission, the duration of the latent (incubation) period, it is necessary to obtain important information for making a…
Read MoreThe cause of infectious diseases is the pathogen (microorganism). It forms a complex biological interaction with the body, which eventually leads to an infectious process, and subsequently to an infectious disease. Usually, each infectious disease has its own pathogen. However, there are exceptions when one disease may have several pathogens, for example, sepsis. Or, on…
Read MoreA single microbial cell can produce 16 million of its own kind per day; microorganisms have an exceptionally high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. They also get used to antibiotics. At the heart of this phenomenon, known as resistance (or resistance), is natural selection; all bacteria that are sensitive to the antibiotic die, and the…
Read MoreIt is not advisable to use sulfonamide preparations for children of the first year of life because of the potential toxic effects on the body of an infant, the threat of kidney damage. During the treatment with sulfonamides, prevention (prevention) of renal complications is necessary, which is achieved by prescribing a plentiful drink to a…
Read MoreThere are no contraindications for penicillin and cephalosporin. Penicillins act against strains of Gram-positive streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci and meningococci. Ampicillin and amoxicillin, in addition, have an effect against gram-negative bacteria. Cephalosporins are also effective against Gram-positive cocci and are more effective than penicillin against Gram-negative pathogens. Both groups of antibiotics can be administered throughout pregnancy.…
Read MorePregnant women are forbidden to use antibiotics (especially the latest generation), as they have a negative impact on the development of the fetus. The most dangerous stage is the first half of pregnancy. For example, scientists have determined that if a mother was treated during pregnancy with two courses of antibiotics, then there is a…
Read MoreInside penicillins should be taken with a large volume of liquid (water, mineral water without gas). Ampicillin and oxacillin should be taken 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals, phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin (clavulanate) – regardless of food intake.It is necessary to strictly observe the regimen prescribed by the doctor during the entire…
Read MorePenicillins should never be mixed in the same syringe with aminoglycosides because of their physical and chemical incompatibility. When ampicillin is combined with allopurinol, the risk of ampicillin rash increases dramatically. The administration of high doses of benzylpenicillin in combination with potassium preparations determines an increased risk of hyperkalemia. Extreme caution should be exercised when…
Read MoreBenzylpenicillin, carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins largely lose their properties when taken orally under the action of hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, for this reason they are administered only intramuscularly. Phenoxymethylpenicillin, oxacillin and aminopenicillins are more stable in an acidic environment, and therefore can be administered orally. A very high degree of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract…
Read MoreAllergic reactions: urticaria, rash, Quincke’s edema, fever, eosinophilia, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock (more often when using benzylpenicillin). Measures to help with the development of anaphylactic shock: ensuring the airway patency, oxygen cushion, adrenaline, prednisone. From the Central nervous system: headache, tremors, convulsions (more often in children and in patients with renal insufficiency when using carbenicillin or…
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